Beyond Great Powers: Middle Power Paths to Resilient Multilateralism

Set amidst growing global challenges and great power politics, this article asks how middle powers might best promote collective action. Adopting a historical approach, it explores four case studies on multilateralism in (1) post-1974 UN New International Economic Order; (2) post-1989 Bretton Woods institutions; (3) post-1992 European Union expansion; (4) post-2003 South- South cooperation. These inform policy framework an ensuing alternative termed “resilient multilateralism.” foreign standpoint, entails principles context specificity, complementarity, consensus building, non-confrontation. By opening space for action, offers timely approach to countering future shocks coordination failures—whether wrought through nature or hands of our own.